<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>my complex soul</title>
	<atom:link href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>Matemáticas puras, aplicadas, computacionales y más...</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 16:19:23 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>es</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.com/</generator>
<cloud domain='mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com' port='80' path='/?rsscloud=notify' registerProcedure='' protocol='http-post' />
<image>
		<url>http://s2.wp.com/i/buttonw-com.png</url>
		<title>my complex soul</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com</link>
	</image>
	<atom:link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/osd.xml" title="my complex soul" />
	<atom:link rel='hub' href='http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?pushpress=hub'/>
		<item>
		<title>El problema del Cumpleaños</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/el-problema-del-cumpleanos/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/el-problema-del-cumpleanos/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 May 2011 22:00:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Probabilidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cumpleaños]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[link]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[paradoja]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[probabilidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[referencia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=95</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[¿Cuántas personas necesitamos reunir para que dos de ellas coincidan en el día de su cumpleaños con una probabilidad mayor del 50%? También conocido como &#8220;La Paradoja del Cumpleaños&#8221;, este problema va en contra de la intuición normal al ser un número realmente &#8220;pequeño&#8221; el que se requiere para dar respuesta a la pregunta. El [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=95&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>¿Cuántas personas necesitamos reunir para que dos de ellas coincidan en el día de su cumpleaños con una probabilidad mayor del 50%?</p>
<p>También conocido como &#8220;La Paradoja del Cumpleaños&#8221;, este problema va en contra de la intuición normal al ser un número realmente &#8220;pequeño&#8221; el que se requiere para dar respuesta a la pregunta.</p>
<p>El problema ha sido ampliamente desarrollado en Internet, por lo que quizá lo mejor es recopilar algunas referencias completas sobre la solución del mismo:</p>
<p>+ <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoja_del_cumplea%C3%B1os" target="_blank">[Wikipedia.org] Paradoja del Cumpleaños</a></p>
<p>+ <a href="http://www.estadisticaparatodos.es/taller/cumpleanos/cumpleanos.html" target="_blank">[EstadísticaParaTodos.es] La Paradoja del Cumpleaños</a></p>
<p>+ <a href="http://gaussianos.com/la-paradoja-del-cumpleanos/" target="_blank">[Gaussianos.com] La Paradoja del Cumpleaños</a></p>
<p>* Para los que buscan la solución rápida: 23 personas con probabilidad mayor a 50.7%.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #13</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@gmail.com">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/95/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=95&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/el-problema-del-cumpleanos/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>La Identidad de Pascal</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2011/05/01/la-identidad-de-pascal/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2011/05/01/la-identidad-de-pascal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 May 2011 00:40:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Combinatoria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[combinatoria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[combinatorio]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demostracion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[identidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[igualdad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pascal]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=87</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sean y enteros positivos con . Entonces DEMOSTRACIÓN La demostración se realiza de forma algebraica mostrando que el lado derecho es reducible al lado izquierdo. Multiplicando por la identidad convenientemente, el primer término por y el segundo por Completando factoriales Factorizando el término común Simplificando Completando factorial Así la identidad queda demostrada. Post #12 &#8211; mycomplexsoul<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=87&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sean <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='r' title='r' class='latex' /> enteros positivos con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r%5Cleq+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='r&#92;leq n' title='r&#92;leq n' class='latex' />. Entonces</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbinom%7Bn%7D%7Br%7D%3D%5Cbinom%7Bn-1%7D%7Br-1%7D%2B%5Cbinom%7Bn-1%7D%7Br%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;binom{n}{r}=&#92;binom{n-1}{r-1}+&#92;binom{n-1}{r}' title='&#92;binom{n}{r}=&#92;binom{n-1}{r-1}+&#92;binom{n-1}{r}' class='latex' /></p>
<hr />
<p><strong>DEMOSTRACIÓN</strong></p>
<p>La demostración se realiza de forma algebraica mostrando que el lado derecho es reducible al lado izquierdo.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbinom%7Bn-1%7D%7Br-1%7D%2B%5Cbinom%7Bn-1%7D%7Br%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28++r-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28n-r-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;binom{n-1}{r-1}+&#92;binom{n-1}{r}=&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left(  r-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left(n-r-1&#92;right) !}' title='&#92;binom{n-1}{r-1}+&#92;binom{n-1}{r}=&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left(  r-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left(n-r-1&#92;right) !}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Multiplicando por la identidad convenientemente, el primer término por <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Br%7D%7Br%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{r}{r}' title='&#92;frac{r}{r}' class='latex' /> y el segundo por <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bn-r%7D%7Bn-r%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{n-r}{n-r}' title='&#92;frac{n-r}{n-r}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7Br%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Br%5Cleft%28+r-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28n-r-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{r&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r&#92;left( r-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) &#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) &#92;left(n-r-1&#92;right) !}' title='=&#92;frac{r&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r&#92;left( r-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) &#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) &#92;left(n-r-1&#92;right) !}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Completando factoriales</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7Br%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{r&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-r&#92;right)&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}' title='=&#92;frac{r&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-r&#92;right)&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Factorizando el término común</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+r%2B%5Cleft%28n-r%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}&#92;left( r+&#92;left(n-r&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='=&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}&#92;left( r+&#92;left(n-r&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Simplificando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+n-1%5Cright%29+%21n%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !n}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}' title='=&#92;frac{&#92;left( n-1&#92;right) !n}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Completando factorial</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cfrac%7Bn%21%7D%7Br%21%5Cleft%28+n-r%5Cright%29+%21%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;frac{n!}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}' title='=&#92;frac{n!}{r!&#92;left( n-r&#92;right) !}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cbinom%7Bn%7D%7Br%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;binom{n}{r}' title='=&#92;binom{n}{r}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Así la identidad queda demostrada.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #12</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@gmail.com">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/87/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=87&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2011/05/01/la-identidad-de-pascal/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Linealizar Potencias Enteras De Coseno</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/linealizar-potencias-enteras-de-coseno/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/linealizar-potencias-enteras-de-coseno/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2009 03:00:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[coseno]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demostracion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demostracion por induccion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion coseno]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linealizar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linealizar potencia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[potencia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[potencia entera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[potencias de coseno]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reexpresar potencia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[suma de coseno]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[suma lineal]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=70</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La expresión general que es una potencia de la función trigonométrica coseno, es reducible a una suma de cosenos lineales de acuerdo a la siguiente fórmula. Proposición: La demostración se hará por inducción para par e impar, demostrando pares e impares por separado. DEMOSTRACIÓN Con impar Para tenemos: Suponemos para Para demostrar el siguiente impar [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=70&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La expresión general <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7Bn%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{n}&#92;cos ^{n}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='2^{n}&#92;cos ^{n}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> que es una potencia de la función trigonométrica coseno, es reducible a una suma de cosenos lineales de acuerdo a la siguiente fórmula.</p>
<p><strong>Proposición:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7Bn%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bcc%7D+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7Bn-1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+%7D%5Cbinom%7Bn%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+n-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%26+n%5Ctext%7B+impar%7D+%5C%5C+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7Bn-1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+-1%7D%5Cbinom%7Bn%7D%7Bi%7D+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+n-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7Bn-1%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7Bn-1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+-1%7D+%26+n%5Ctext%7B+par%7D+%5Cend%7Barray%7D+%5Cright.+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{n}&#92;cos ^{n}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;left&#92;{ &#92;begin{array}{cc} &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{n-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil }&#92;binom{n}{i}2&#92;cos&#92;left( &#92;left( n-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &amp; n&#92;text{ impar} &#92;&#92; &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{n-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}&#92;binom{n}{i} 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( n-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{n-1}{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{n-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1} &amp; n&#92;text{ par} &#92;end{array} &#92;right. ' title='2^{n}&#92;cos ^{n}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;left&#92;{ &#92;begin{array}{cc} &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{n-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil }&#92;binom{n}{i}2&#92;cos&#92;left( &#92;left( n-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &amp; n&#92;text{ impar} &#92;&#92; &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{n-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}&#92;binom{n}{i} 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( n-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{n-1}{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{n-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1} &amp; n&#92;text{ par} &#92;end{array} &#92;right. ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>La demostración se hará por inducción para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> par e impar, demostrando pares e impares por separado.</p>
<hr /><strong>DEMOSTRACIÓN</strong></p>
<p><strong>Con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> impar</strong></p>
<p>Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=1' title='n=1' class='latex' /> tenemos:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B1%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7B1-1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+%7D%5Cbinom%7B1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%3D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{1}&#92;cos ^{1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{1-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil }&#92;binom{1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) =2&#92;cos &#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='2^{1}&#92;cos ^{1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{1-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil }&#92;binom{1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) =2&#92;cos &#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Suponemos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D2p-1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=2p-1' title='n=2p-1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2p-1%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2p-1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2p-1}&#92;cos ^{2p-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='2^{2p-1}&#92;cos ^{2p-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para demostrar el siguiente impar multiplicamos por <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2%5E%7B2p-1%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2p-1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cleft%28+2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;left( 2^{2p-1}&#92;cos ^{2p-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;left( 2^{2p-1}&#92;cos ^{2p-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Introduciendo a la sumatoria y viendo que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+2x%2B1%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) ' title='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+2x%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( 2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( 2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Multiplicando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;left( 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;cos 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;left( 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;cos 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Utilizando la identidad trigonométrica <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Ccos+x%5Ccos+y%3D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x%2By%5Cright%29+%2B%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x-y%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2&#92;cos x&#92;cos y=&#92;cos &#92;left( x+y&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( x-y&#92;right) ' title='2&#92;cos x&#92;cos y=&#92;cos &#92;left( x+y&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( x-y&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i-2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Separando sumatorias</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%282p-1-2i-2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left(2p-1-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos&#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left(2p-1-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos&#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para poder sumar correctamente vamos a separar los dos primeros terminos de la primera sumatoria, los dos últimos terminos de la segunda sumatoria, el primero y el último termino de la tercera sumatoria. De este modo:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D2%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i-2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bp-2%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{p-2}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{p-2}&#92;binom{2p-1}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-2%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( -1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( -1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Ahora simplemente renombramos y en los terminos separados sumamos recordando que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+x%3D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+-x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;cos x=&#92;cos &#92;left( -x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;cos x=&#92;cos &#92;left( -x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bj%2B2%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bj%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bj%2B1%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{j}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{j+1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{j}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p-1}{j+1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B1%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-2%7D%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p-1}{1}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p-1}{p-2}+&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p-1}{1}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p-1}{p-2}+&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Factorizando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bj%2B2%7D%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bj%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bj%2B1%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p-1}{j+2}+&#92;binom{2p-1}{j}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{j+1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p-1}{j+2}+&#92;binom{2p-1}{j}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{j+1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%2B2%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B3%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21p%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p-1+2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-2&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+3&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p-1+2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-2&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+3&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reexpresando convenientemente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+2p-3-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bj%21%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+2p-2-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-3-j&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-2-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-3-j&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-2-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B3%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21p%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{&#92;left( p-2&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+3&#92;frac{1}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{&#92;left( p-2&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+3&#92;frac{1}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bj%21%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-j%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%2B1%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p-2-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }+1+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p-2-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }+1+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bp%21%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%2B3%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }+3&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }+3&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Sumando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bj%21%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bp%21%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B2%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{2&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{2&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reexpresando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{2}{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p-1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{2}{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Reexpresando convenientemente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bj%2B2%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-3-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bp%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p+1}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p+1}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-3-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 1&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reescribiendo el índice de la sumatoria</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D2%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1-2%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bp%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1-2%5Cleft%28+p%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p+1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2&#92;left( p&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p+1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+1}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2&#92;left( p&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Incorporando los terminos separados</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p}&#92;binom{2p+1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p}&#92;binom{2p+1}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+1-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D2%5E%7B2p%2B1%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2p%2B1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=2^{2p+1}&#92;cos ^{2p+1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='=2^{2p+1}&#92;cos ^{2p+1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Demostrado para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> impar.</p>
<hr /><strong>Con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> par</strong></p>
<p>Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=2' title='n=2' class='latex' /> tenemos:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7B2-1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2-1%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7B2-1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+-1%7D%3D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{2-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}&#92;binom{2}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2-1}{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{2-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}=2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2' title='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{2-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}&#92;binom{2}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2-1}{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{2-1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}=2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Suponemos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D2p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=2p' title='n=2p' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2p%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2p%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2p}&#92;cos ^{2p}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}' title='2^{2p}&#92;cos ^{2p}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para demostrar el siguiente par multiplicamos por <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2%5E%7B2p%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2p%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cleft%28+2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;left( 2^{2p}&#92;cos ^{2p}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;left( 2^{2p}&#92;cos ^{2p}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;left( 2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Introduciendo a la sumatoria y viendo que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+2x%2B1%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) ' title='2^{2}&#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+2x%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%2B2+%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+2x%2B2%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( 2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;right) +2 &#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( 2&#92;left( &#92;cos 2x+1&#92;right) &#92;right) &#92;right) +2 &#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Multiplicando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+2x%2B2%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;left( 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;cos 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;left( 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;cos 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Utilizando la identidad trigonométrica <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Ccos+x%5Ccos+y%3D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x%2By%5Cright%29+%2B%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+x-y%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2&#92;cos x&#92;cos y=&#92;cos &#92;left( x+y&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( x-y&#92;right) ' title='2&#92;cos x&#92;cos y=&#92;cos &#92;left( x+y&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( x-y&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i-2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+2x%2B2%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;left( &#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) &#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Separando sumatorias</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i-2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+2x%2B2%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para poder sumar correctamente vamos a separar los dos primeros terminos de la primera sumatoria, los dos últimos terminos de la segunda sumatoria, el primero y el último termino de la tercera sumatoria. De este modo:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D2%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i-2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bp-2%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bi%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{p-2}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i-2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{p-2}&#92;binom{2p}{i}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bp-2%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bp-1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+0x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{p-2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 0x&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{p-2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 0x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bp-1%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cleft%28+2%5Ccos+2x%2B2%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;left( 2&#92;cos 2x+2&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ahora simplemente renombramos y en los terminos separados sumamos recordando que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccos+0x%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;cos 0x=1' title='&#92;cos 0x=1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bj%2B2%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bj%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bj%2B1%7D2%5E%7B2%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{j}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{j+1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{j}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p}{j+1}2^{2}&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B1%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bp-2%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bp-1%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bp-1%7D%2B2%5E%7B2%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p-1%7D%7Bp-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p}{1}+2&#92;binom{2p}{0}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p}{p-2}+2&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}+2^{2}&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p}{1}+2&#92;binom{2p}{0}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p}{p-2}+2&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}+2&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p}{p-1}+2^{2}&#92;binom{2p-1}{p-1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Factorizando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bj%2B2%7D%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bj%7D%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7Bj%2B1%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p}{j+2}+&#92;binom{2p}{j}+2&#92;binom{2p}{j+1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;binom{2p}{j+2}+&#92;binom{2p}{j}+2&#92;binom{2p}{j+1}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21p%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21p%21%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-2&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-2&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !p!}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reexpresando convenientemente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+2p-2-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bj%21%5Cleft%28+2p-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-2-j&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-2-j&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B2%5Cright%29+%7D%2B2%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) }+2+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( 1+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) }&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) }+2+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( 1+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) }{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) }&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bj%21%5Cleft%28+2p-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-j%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2p-1-j%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%2B1%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p-j%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }+1+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p-1-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }+1+2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+%7D%7Bp%5Cleft%28+p%2B2%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p-1%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bp%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) }{p&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{2p+1}{p}&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) }{p&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( p-1&#92;right) !&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{2p+1}{p}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Sumando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bj%21%5Cleft%28+2p-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+j%2B1%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p&#92;right) !}{j!&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) }{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) &#92;left( j+1&#92;right) }&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bp%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bp%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reexpresando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+j%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%5Cleft%28+2p-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( j+2&#92;right) !&#92;left( 2p-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bp%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B2%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+2p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7Bp%21%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;right) ' title='+&#92;binom{2p}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+2&#92;right) !}&#92;right) 2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;left( &#92;frac{&#92;left( 2p+1&#92;right) !}{p!&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) !}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reexpresando convenientemente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp-3%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7Bj%2B2%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p-2-2j%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7B1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2px%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7Bp%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+2x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7Bp%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p+2}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p+1}{p}' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{p-3}&#92;binom{2p+2}{j+2}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p-2-2j&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2px&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( 2x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p+1}{p}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Reescribiendo el índice de la sumatoria</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D2%7D%5E%7Bp-1%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7B0%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7B1%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2-2%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p+2}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) ' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{p-1}&#92;binom{2p+2}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{0}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2&#92;right) x&#92;right) +&#92;binom{2p+2}{1}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2B%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7Bp%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2-2%5Cleft%28+p%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+p%2B1%5Cright%29+-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+&#92;binom{2p+2}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2&#92;left( p&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p+1}{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) -1}' title='+&#92;binom{2p+2}{p}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2&#92;left( p&#92;right) &#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p+1}{&#92;left( p+1&#92;right) -1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Incorporando los terminos separados</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bp%7D%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B2%7D%7Bi%7D2%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+2p%2B2-2i%5Cright%29+x%5Cright%29+%2B2%5Cbinom%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clceil+%5Cfrac%7B2p%2B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cright%5Crceil+-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p}&#92;binom{2p+2}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p+1}{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{2p+1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}' title='=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{p}&#92;binom{2p+2}{i}2&#92;cos &#92;left( &#92;left( 2p+2-2i&#92;right) x&#92;right) +2&#92;binom{2p+1}{&#92;left&#92;lceil &#92;frac{2p+1}{2}&#92;right&#92;rceil -1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D2%5E%7B2p%2B2%7D%5Ccos+%5E%7B2p%2B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=2^{2p+2}&#92;cos ^{2p+2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='=2^{2p+2}&#92;cos ^{2p+2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Demostrado para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> par.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #11</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/70/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=70&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/07/30/linealizar-potencias-enteras-de-coseno/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Mínimos Cuadrados No Lineales</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/06/14/minimos-cuadrados-no-lineales/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/06/14/minimos-cuadrados-no-lineales/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2009 19:00:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ajuste]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Algoritmos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ajuste de datos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[algoritmo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ejemplo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ejemplo de calculo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[metodo de newton]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[minimos cuadrados]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[minimos cuadrados no lineales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[optimizacion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regresion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regresion no lineal]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=58</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Para ajustar un modelo de parámetros a un conjunto de datos , definimos con y no lineal con cómo i-ésima componente. El problema finalmente es: Minimizar Esto es equivalente a minimizar la suma de los cuadrados de las diferencias entre el modelo y los datos. es una función semi-paraboidal en el sentido de que es [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=58&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Para ajustar un modelo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m%5Cleft%28+x%2Ct%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='m&#92;left( x,t&#92;right) ' title='m&#92;left( x,t&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> parámetros a un conjunto de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> datos <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+t_%7Bi%7D%2Cy_%7Bi%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( t_{i},y_{i}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;left( t_{i},y_{i}&#92;right) ' class='latex' />, definimos <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=R%3A%5Cmathbb%7BR%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Crightarrow+%5Cmathbb%7BR%7D%5E%7Bm%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='R:&#92;mathbb{R}^{n}&#92;rightarrow &#92;mathbb{R}^{m}' title='R:&#92;mathbb{R}^{n}&#92;rightarrow &#92;mathbb{R}^{m}' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=R%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> no lineal con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3Dm%5Cleft%28+x%2Ct_%7Bi%7D%5Cright%29+-y_%7Bi%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =m&#92;left( x,t_{i}&#92;right) -y_{i}' title='r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =m&#92;left( x,t_{i}&#92;right) -y_{i}' class='latex' /> cómo i-ésima componente.</p>
<p>El problema finalmente es:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Minimizar <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Dr_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}^{2}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Esto es equivalente a minimizar la suma de los cuadrados de las diferencias entre el modelo y los datos.</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> es una función semi-paraboidal en el sentido de que es la suma de parábolas y por tanto es minimizable.</p>
<p>Para hallar <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> tal que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> se minimiza, hallamos las soluciones del gradiente de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%2C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ,' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ,' class='latex' /> de este modo, definiendo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=J%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BR%7D+%5E%7Bm%5Ctimes+n%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='J&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;in &#92;mathbb{R} ^{m&#92;times n}' title='J&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;in &#92;mathbb{R} ^{m&#92;times n}' class='latex' /> como el jacobiano de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=R%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%2CJ%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+_%7Bij%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+r_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%7D%7B%5Cpartial+x_%7Bj%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ,J&#92;left( x&#92;right) _{ij}=&#92;frac{&#92;partial r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) }{&#92;partial x_{j}}' title='R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ,J&#92;left( x&#92;right) _{ij}=&#92;frac{&#92;partial r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) }{&#92;partial x_{j}}' class='latex' /> tenemos las 2 primeras derivadas de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Dr_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Ccdot+%5Cnabla+r_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3DJ%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =J&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =J&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+%5E%7B2%7Df%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cnabla+r_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Ccdot+%5Cnabla+r_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7D%2Br_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Ccdot+%5Cnabla+%5E%7B2%7Dr_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3DJ%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DJ%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%2BS%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}&#92;left( &#92;nabla r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}+r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla ^{2}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =J&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}J&#92;left( x&#92;right) +S&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}&#92;left( &#92;nabla r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}+r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla ^{2}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =J&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}J&#92;left( x&#92;right) +S&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Siendo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Dr_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Ccdot+%5Cnabla+%5E%7B2%7Dr_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='S&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla ^{2}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='S&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{m}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;cdot &#92;nabla ^{2}r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Aplicando el método de Newton para resolver <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> tenemos:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_%7Bn%2B1%7D%3Dx_%7Bn%7D-%5Cleft%28+%5Cnabla+%5E%7B2%7Df%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cnabla+f%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x_{n+1}=x_{n}-&#92;left( &#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{-1}&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ' title='x_{n+1}=x_{n}-&#92;left( &#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{-1}&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_%7Bn%2B1%7D%3Dx_%7Bn%7D-%5Cleft%28+J%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DJ%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%2BS%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-1%7DJ%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DR%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x_{n+1}=x_{n}-&#92;left( J&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ^{T}J&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) +S&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{-1}J&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ' title='x_{n+1}=x_{n}-&#92;left( J&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ^{T}J&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) +S&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{-1}J&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<hr />
<strong>EJEMPLO</strong></p>
<p>Ajustar el modelo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%5Cleft%28+t%5Cright%29+%3De%5E%7Btx%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y&#92;left( t&#92;right) =e^{tx}' title='y&#92;left( t&#92;right) =e^{tx}' class='latex' /> a los siguientes datos:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Btabular%7D%7B%7Cl%7Cl%7Cl%7Cl%7C%7D+%5Chline+t+%26+1+%26+2+%26+3+%5C%5C+%5Chline+y+%26+2+%26+4+%26+8+%5C%5C+%5Chline+%5Cend%7Btabular%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|} &#92;hline t &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline y &amp; 2 &amp; 4 &amp; 8 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline &#92;end{tabular}' title='&#92;begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|} &#92;hline t &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline y &amp; 2 &amp; 4 &amp; 8 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline &#92;end{tabular}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De aquí, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m%5Cleft%28+x%2Ct_%7Bi%7D%5Cright%29+%3De%5E%7Bt_%7Bi%7Dx%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='m&#92;left( x,t_{i}&#92;right) =e^{t_{i}x}' title='m&#92;left( x,t_{i}&#92;right) =e^{t_{i}x}' class='latex' /> entonces:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=R%3Dr_%7Bi%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3Dm%5Cleft%28+x%2Ct_%7Bi%7D%5Cright%29+-y_%7B0%7D%5Cleft%28+t_%7Bi%7D%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cleft%28+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D+e%5E%7Bx%7D-2+%5C%5C+e%5E%7B2x%7D-4+%5C%5C+e%5E%7B3x%7D-8%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='R=r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =m&#92;left( x,t_{i}&#92;right) -y_{0}&#92;left( t_{i}&#92;right) =&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{c} e^{x}-2 &#92;&#92; e^{2x}-4 &#92;&#92; e^{3x}-8&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ' title='R=r_{i}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =m&#92;left( x,t_{i}&#92;right) -y_{0}&#92;left( t_{i}&#92;right) =&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{c} e^{x}-2 &#92;&#92; e^{2x}-4 &#92;&#92; e^{3x}-8&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Ahora <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7BT%7DR%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bx%7D-2%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%2B%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B2x%7D-4%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%2B%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B3x%7D-8%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left[ &#92;left( e^{x}-2&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( e^{2x}-4&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( e^{3x}-8&#92;right) ^{2}&#92;right] ' title='f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) ^{T}R&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left[ &#92;left( e^{x}-2&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( e^{2x}-4&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( e^{3x}-8&#92;right) ^{2}&#92;right] ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De este modo:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3De%5E%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bx%7D-2%5Cright%29+%2B2e%5E%7B2x%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B2x%7D-4%5Cright%29+%2B3e%5E%7B3x%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B3x%7D-8%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =e^{x}&#92;left( e^{x}-2&#92;right) +2e^{2x}&#92;left( e^{2x}-4&#92;right) +3e^{3x}&#92;left( e^{3x}-8&#92;right) ' title='&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =e^{x}&#92;left( e^{x}-2&#92;right) +2e^{2x}&#92;left( e^{2x}-4&#92;right) +3e^{3x}&#92;left( e^{3x}-8&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+%5E%7B2%7Df%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bx%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%2B%5Cleft%28+2e%5E%7B2x%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%2B%5Cleft%28+3e%5E%7B3x%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%2Be%5E%7Bx%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bx%7D-2%5Cright%29+%2B4e%5E%7B2x%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B2x%7D-4%5Cright%29+%2B9e%5E%7B3x%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B3x%7D-8%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;left( e^{x}&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( 2e^{2x}&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( 3e^{3x}&#92;right) ^{2}+e^{x}&#92;left( e^{x}-2&#92;right) +4e^{2x}&#92;left( e^{2x}-4&#92;right) +9e^{3x}&#92;left( e^{3x}-8&#92;right) ' title='&#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;left( e^{x}&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( 2e^{2x}&#92;right) ^{2}+&#92;left( 3e^{3x}&#92;right) ^{2}+e^{x}&#92;left( e^{x}-2&#92;right) +4e^{2x}&#92;left( e^{2x}-4&#92;right) +9e^{3x}&#92;left( e^{3x}-8&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Finalmente aplicando el método de Newton con:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_%7Bn%2B1%7D%3Dx_%7Bn%7D-%5Cleft%28+%5Cnabla+%5E%7B2%7Df%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cnabla+f%5Cleft%28+x_%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x_{n+1}=x_{n}-&#92;left( &#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{-1}&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ' title='x_{n+1}=x_{n}-&#92;left( &#92;nabla ^{2}f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{-1}&#92;nabla f&#92;left( x_{n}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_%7B0%7D%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x_{0}=1' title='x_{0}=1' class='latex' /> y 8 decimales tenemos:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Btabular%7D%7B%7Cl%7Cl%7C%7D+%5Chline+n+%26+x+%5C%5C+%5Chline+0+%26+1.00000000+%5C%5C+%5Chline+1+%26+0.87299182+%5C%5C+%5Chline+2+%26+0.77360001+%5C%5C+%5Chline+3+%26+0.71421136+%5C%5C+%5Chline+4+%26+0.69491616+%5C%5C+%5Chline+5+%26+0.69316064+%5C%5C+%5Chline+6+%26+0.69314718+%5C%5C+%5Chline+7+%26+0.69314718+%5C%5C+%5Chline+%5Cend%7Btabular%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{tabular}{|l|l|} &#92;hline n &amp; x &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 0 &amp; 1.00000000 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 1 &amp; 0.87299182 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 2 &amp; 0.77360001 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 3 &amp; 0.71421136 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 4 &amp; 0.69491616 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 5 &amp; 0.69316064 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 6 &amp; 0.69314718 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 7 &amp; 0.69314718 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline &#92;end{tabular}' title='&#92;begin{tabular}{|l|l|} &#92;hline n &amp; x &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 0 &amp; 1.00000000 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 1 &amp; 0.87299182 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 2 &amp; 0.77360001 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 3 &amp; 0.71421136 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 4 &amp; 0.69491616 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 5 &amp; 0.69316064 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 6 &amp; 0.69314718 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline 7 &amp; 0.69314718 &#92;&#92; &#92;hline &#92;end{tabular}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Obtenemos una convergencia en 7 iteraciones con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_%7B7%7D%3D%5Cln+2%5Capprox+0.69314718&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x_{7}=&#92;ln 2&#92;approx 0.69314718' title='x_{7}=&#92;ln 2&#92;approx 0.69314718' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De modo que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%5Cleft%28+t%5Cright%29+%3De%5E%7Bt%5Cln+2%7D%3D2%5E%7Bt%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y&#92;left( t&#92;right) =e^{t&#92;ln 2}=2^{t}' title='y&#92;left( t&#92;right) =e^{t&#92;ln 2}=2^{t}' class='latex' /> la cual se ajusta a los datos.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #10</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/58/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=58&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/06/14/minimos-cuadrados-no-lineales/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Funciones Trigonométricas Hiperbólicas Inversas</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/05/16/funciones-trigonometricas-hiperbolicas-inversas/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/05/16/funciones-trigonometricas-hiperbolicas-inversas/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 May 2009 19:00:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion inversa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funciones trigonometricas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funciones trigonometricas hiperbolicas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funciones trigonometricas hiperbolicas inversas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inversa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[seno hiperbolico]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trigonometricas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trigonometricas hiperbolicas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trigonometricas hiperbolicas inversas]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=50</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[DEFINICIÓN Las funciones trigonométricas hiperbólicas se definen en términos de la función exponencial de la siguiente manera: Cuyo dominio es (o más estrictamente ). Y las funciones inversas de éstas se definen en términos de la función logaritmo natural y se pueden deducir despejando las expresiones anteriores, quedando: Cuyo dominio es (estrictamente serían , , [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=50&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>DEFINICIÓN</strong></p>
<p>Las funciones trigonométricas hiperbólicas se definen en términos de la función exponencial de la siguiente manera:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bx%7D-e%5E%7B-x%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh &#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{x}-e^{-x}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh &#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{x}-e^{-x}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccosh+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bx%7D%2Be%5E%7B-x%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;cosh &#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{x}+e^{-x}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;cosh &#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{x}+e^{-x}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctanh+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7B2x%7D-1%7D%7Be%5E%7B2x%7D%2B1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tanh &#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{e^{2x}-1}{e^{2x}+1}' title='&#92;tanh &#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{e^{2x}-1}{e^{2x}+1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Cuyo dominio es <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BC%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{C}' title='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{C}' class='latex' /> (o más estrictamente <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BR%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{R}' title='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{R}' class='latex' />). Y las funciones inversas de éstas se definen en términos de la función logaritmo natural y se pueden deducir despejando las expresiones anteriores, quedando:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E%7B2%7D%2B1%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;ln &#92;left( x+&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+1}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;ln &#92;left( x+&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+1}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ccosh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E%7B2%7D-1%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;cosh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;ln &#92;left( x+&#92;sqrt{x^{2}-1}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;cosh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;ln &#92;left( x+&#92;sqrt{x^{2}-1}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctanh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%2B1%7D%7B1-x%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tanh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{x+1}{1-x}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;tanh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{x+1}{1-x}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Cuyo dominio es <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BC%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{C}' title='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{C}' class='latex' /> (estrictamente serían <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BR%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{R}' title='x&#92;in &#92;mathbb{R}' class='latex' />, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cgeq+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;geq 1' title='x&#92;geq 1' class='latex' />, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=-1%3C1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='-1&lt;1' title='-1&lt;1' class='latex' /> respectivamente).</p>
<p><strong>PROBLEMA</strong></p>
<p>No obstante, introducir una simple constante como divisor de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> parece oscurecer la forma que debe tener la inversa de la función. Es decir ¿Cuál es la inversa de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right)' title='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right)' class='latex' />? (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cneq+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;neq 0' title='a&#92;neq 0' class='latex' />)</p>
<p><strong>CONJETURANDO</strong></p>
<p>Suponiendo que no conocemos la definición de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right)' title='&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( x&#92;right)' class='latex' /> podemos tratar de hallar la inversa de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> mediante la siguiente sucesión de pasos lógicos:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2y%3De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2y=e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-&#92;frac{1}{e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}}' title='2y=e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-&#92;frac{1}{e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Como <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cneq+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;neq 0' title='e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;neq 0' class='latex' /> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cforall+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;forall x' title='&#92;forall x' class='latex' /> podemos multiplicar y posteriormente reacomodar</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2ye%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%3De%5E%7B2%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2ye^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}=e^{2&#92;frac{x}{a}}-1' title='2ye^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}=e^{2&#92;frac{x}{a}}-1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7B2%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-2ye%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='e^{2&#92;frac{x}{a}}-2ye^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}=1' title='e^{2&#92;frac{x}{a}}-2ye^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}=1' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Completando el cuadrado sumando <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%5E%7B2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y^{2}' title='y^{2}' class='latex' /> a ambos lados y despejando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-y%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%3D1%2By%5E%7B2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-y&#92;right) ^{2}=1+y^{2}' title='&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-y&#92;right) ^{2}=1+y^{2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%3Dy%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2By%5E%7B2%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}=y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}' title='e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}=y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%3Da%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2By%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x=a&#92;ln &#92;left( y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}&#92;right) ' title='x=a&#92;ln &#92;left( y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De este modo la inversa es <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%3Da%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>CORRIGIENDO EL CAMINO</strong></p>
<p>No obstante esta no es la inversa pues las composiciones <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /> no coinciden con esta definición. La siguiente igualdad fallará:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+a%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh &#92;left( a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh &#92;left( a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Ba%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%7D-e%5E%7B-a%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%7D%5Cright%29+%3Da%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) }-e^{-a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) }&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+&#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{2}}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) }-e^{-a&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) }&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+&#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) ^{2}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-a%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%3Da%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cpm+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Csqrt%7B%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%2Be%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}}-e^{&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{-a}}&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;pm &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;sqrt{&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}+e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) ^{2}}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}}-e^{&#92;ln &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{-a}}&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;pm &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;sqrt{&#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}+e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) ^{2}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7Ba%7D-%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B-a%7D%5Cright%29+%3Da%5Cln+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D-e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cpm+%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%2Be%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}-&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{-a}&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;pm &#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}+e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}-&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{-a}&#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}-e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;pm &#92;left( e^{&#92;frac{x}{a}}+e^{-&#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2a%7D-1%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7Ba%7D%7D%3Da%5Cln+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cpm+2e%5E%7B%5Cpm+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;frac{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{2a}-1}{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}}=a&#92;ln &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;pm 2e^{&#92;pm &#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;frac{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{2a}-1}{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}}=a&#92;ln &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;pm 2e^{&#92;pm &#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Llegado a este paso, el miembro izquierdo de la ecuación no se puede simplificar más a menos que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a=1' title='a=1' class='latex' />. El lado derecho se simplifica como sigue:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cln+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cpm+2e%5E%7B%5Cpm+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%3Da%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cpm+1%5Cright%29+%2B%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7B%5Cpm+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3Da%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cpm+1%5Cright%29+%5Cpm+x%3Da%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%2Bx%3Dx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;ln &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;pm 2e^{&#92;pm &#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) =a&#92;left( &#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;pm 1&#92;right) +&#92;ln &#92;left( e^{&#92;pm &#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;pm 1&#92;right) &#92;pm x=a&#92;ln &#92;left( 1&#92;right) +x=x' title='a&#92;ln &#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( &#92;pm 2e^{&#92;pm &#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) =a&#92;left( &#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;pm 1&#92;right) +&#92;ln &#92;left( e^{&#92;pm &#92;frac{x}{a}}&#92;right) &#92;right) =a&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;pm 1&#92;right) &#92;pm x=a&#92;ln &#92;left( 1&#92;right) +x=x' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De este modo:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2a%7D-1%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+x%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2Bx%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7Ba%7D%7D%3Dx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;frac{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{2a}-1}{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}}=x' title='&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;frac{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{2a}-1}{&#92;left( x&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+x^{2}}&#92;right) ^{a}}=x' class='latex' /></p>
<p>El error radica en la forma en que se concibe a la variable independiente en el cálculo de la inversa pues, desde el comienzo se maneja <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{x}{a}' title='&#92;frac{x}{a}' class='latex' /> en vez de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> de tal forma que podemos interpretar nuestra variable independiente como <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=t%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='t=&#92;frac{x}{a}' title='t=&#92;frac{x}{a}' class='latex' />, de este modo el despeje para hallar la inversa es el adecuado:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bt%7D-e%5E%7B-t%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{t}-e^{-t}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;frac{1}{2}&#92;left( e^{t}-e^{-t}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2y%3De%5E%7Bt%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%5E%7Bt%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2y=e^{t}-&#92;frac{1}{e^{t}}' title='2y=e^{t}-&#92;frac{1}{e^{t}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2ye%5E%7Bt%7D%3De%5E%7B2t%7D-1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2ye^{t}=e^{2t}-1' title='2ye^{t}=e^{2t}-1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7B2t%7D-2ye%5E%7Bt%7D%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='e^{2t}-2ye^{t}=1' title='e^{2t}-2ye^{t}=1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+e%5E%7Bt%7D-y%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%3D1%2By%5E%7B2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( e^{t}-y&#92;right) ^{2}=1+y^{2}' title='&#92;left( e^{t}-y&#92;right) ^{2}=1+y^{2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7Bt%7D%3Dy%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2By%5E%7B2%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='e^{t}=y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}' title='e^{t}=y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=t%3D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2By%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='t=&#92;ln &#92;left( y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}&#92;right) ' title='t=&#92;ln &#92;left( y&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+y^{2}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De este modo la inversa es <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cpm+%5Csqrt%7B1%2B%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) =&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) ^{2}}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) =&#92;ln &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;pm &#92;sqrt{1+&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) ^{2}}&#92;right) ' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>LA IMPORTANCIA</strong></p>
<p>Es importante tener clara cuál es la función inversa (y su dominio y rango) pues no parece haber referencias fiables siempre a la mano, por ejemplo es muy común que en libros de texto se llegué al cálculo de esta función inversa por medio de una integral, es natural saber cual es la integral a resolver si sabemos que:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdx%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csinh+%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E%7B2%7D%2Ba%5E%7B2%7D%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{d}{dx}&#92;left( &#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}' title='&#92;frac{d}{dx}&#92;left( &#92;sinh ^{-1}&#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) &#92;right) =&#92;allowbreak &#92;frac{1}{&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De modo que al integrar mediante el cambio de variable <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%3Da%5Ctan+%5Ctheta+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x=a&#92;tan &#92;theta ' title='x=a&#92;tan &#92;theta ' class='latex' /> obtendremos de forma natural la inversa:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E%7B2%7D%2Ba%5E%7B2%7D%7D%7D%3D%5Cint+%5Cfrac%7Ba%5Csec+%5E%7B2%7D%5Ctheta+d%5Ctheta+%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+1%2B%5Ctan+%5E%7B2%7D%5Ctheta+%5Cright%29+%7D%7D%3D%5Cint+%5Csec+%5Ctheta+d%5Ctheta+%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cln+%5Cleft%5Cvert+%5Csec+%5Ctheta+%2B%5Ctan+%5Ctheta+%5Cright%5Cvert+%2Bc&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;frac{dx}{&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}=&#92;int &#92;frac{a&#92;sec ^{2}&#92;theta d&#92;theta }{&#92;sqrt{a^{2}&#92;left( 1+&#92;tan ^{2}&#92;theta &#92;right) }}=&#92;int &#92;sec &#92;theta d&#92;theta =&#92;allowbreak &#92;ln &#92;left&#92;vert &#92;sec &#92;theta +&#92;tan &#92;theta &#92;right&#92;vert +c' title='&#92;int &#92;frac{dx}{&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}=&#92;int &#92;frac{a&#92;sec ^{2}&#92;theta d&#92;theta }{&#92;sqrt{a^{2}&#92;left( 1+&#92;tan ^{2}&#92;theta &#92;right) }}=&#92;int &#92;sec &#92;theta d&#92;theta =&#92;allowbreak &#92;ln &#92;left&#92;vert &#92;sec &#92;theta +&#92;tan &#92;theta &#92;right&#92;vert +c' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D%5Cln+%5Cleft%5Cvert+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E%7B2%7D%2Ba%5E%7B2%7D%7D%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%5Cvert+%2Bc+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=&#92;ln &#92;left&#92;vert &#92;frac{x}{a}+&#92;frac{&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}{a}&#92;right&#92;vert +c ' title='=&#92;ln &#92;left&#92;vert &#92;frac{x}{a}+&#92;frac{&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}}{a}&#92;right&#92;vert +c ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Hay muchas referencias textuales que indican que el resultado de la integral (y por lo tanto, la inversa de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csinh+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;sinh &#92;left( &#92;frac{x}{a}&#92;right) ' class='latex' />) es:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%5Cvert+x%2B%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E%7B2%7D%2Ba%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%5Cvert+%2Bc&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ln &#92;left&#92;vert x+&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}&#92;right&#92;vert +c' title='&#92;ln &#92;left&#92;vert x+&#92;sqrt{x^{2}+a^{2}}&#92;right&#92;vert +c' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Que viene como resultado natural de separar el <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cln+a&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ln a' title='&#92;ln a' class='latex' /> y adicionarlo dentro de la constante de integración. Pero esto no es un error dado el contexto de uso, simplemente es un ejercicio de conciencia para la buena manipulación algebraica y conceptual de las funciones trigonométricas hiperbólicas, sobre todo cuando se tienen argumentos con expresiones más elaboradas.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #09</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/50/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=50&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/05/16/funciones-trigonometricas-hiperbolicas-inversas/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Logaritmo de Números Complejos</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/05/01/logaritmo-de-numeros-complejos/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/05/01/logaritmo-de-numeros-complejos/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 14:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[extensión a dominio complejo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion logaritmo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logaritmo complejo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logaritmo en cualquier base]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logaritmo natural]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[numeros complejos]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=43</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Básicamente tratamos de responder a la pregunta basándonos inicialmente en la función logaritmo natural. LOGARITMO NATURAL Usaremos el hecho de que sabemos evaluar la función exponencial para números complejos y proponemos lo siguiente Ésta igualdad de números complejos se cumple si y sólo si se satisface el sistema de ecuaciones asociado Para resolver este sistema [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=43&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Básicamente tratamos de responder a la pregunta <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clog+%5Cleft%28+a%2Bbi%5Cright%29%3D%3F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;log &#92;left( a+bi&#92;right)=?' title='&#92;log &#92;left( a+bi&#92;right)=?' class='latex' /> basándonos inicialmente en la función logaritmo natural.</p>
<p><strong>LOGARITMO NATURAL</strong></p>
<p>Usaremos el hecho de que sabemos evaluar la función exponencial para números complejos <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7Ba%2Bbi%7D%3De%5E%7Ba%7D%5Ccos+b%2Bie%5E%7Ba%7D%5Csin+b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='e^{a+bi}=e^{a}&#92;cos b+ie^{a}&#92;sin b' title='e^{a+bi}=e^{a}&#92;cos b+ie^{a}&#92;sin b' class='latex' /> y proponemos lo siguiente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+a%2Bbi%5Cright%29+%3Dx%2Byi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ln &#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =x+yi' title='&#92;ln &#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =x+yi' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Bbi%3De%5E%7Bx%2Byi%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a+bi=e^{x+yi}' title='a+bi=e^{x+yi}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Bbi%3De%5E%7Bx%7D%5Ccos+y%2Bie%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csin+y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a+bi=e^{x}&#92;cos y+ie^{x}&#92;sin y' title='a+bi=e^{x}&#92;cos y+ie^{x}&#92;sin y' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Ésta igualdad de números complejos se cumple si y sólo si se satisface el sistema de ecuaciones asociado</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%3De%5E%7Bx%7D%5Ccos+y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a=e^{x}&#92;cos y' title='a=e^{x}&#92;cos y' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b%3De%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csin+y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='b=e^{x}&#92;sin y' title='b=e^{x}&#92;sin y' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para resolver este sistema en términos de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%2Cy&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x,y' title='x,y' class='latex' /> sumamos los cuadrados de ambas ecuaciones de la siguiente forma</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%3De%5E%7B2x%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7Dy%2B%5Csin+%5E%7B2%7Dy%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a^{2}+b^{2}=e^{2x}&#92;left( &#92;cos ^{2}y+&#92;sin ^{2}y&#92;right) ' title='a^{2}+b^{2}=e^{2x}&#92;left( &#92;cos ^{2}y+&#92;sin ^{2}y&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%7D%3De%5E%7Bx%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}=e^{x}' title='&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}=e^{x}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%3D%5Cln+%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x=&#92;ln &#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}' title='x=&#92;ln &#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para hallar el valor de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' /> dividimos la segunda entre la primera como sigue</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csin+y%7D%7Be%5E%7Bx%7D%5Ccos+y%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;frac{e^{x}&#92;sin y}{e^{x}&#92;cos y}' title='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;frac{e^{x}&#92;sin y}{e^{x}&#92;cos y}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%3D%5Ctan+y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;tan y' title='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;tan y' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Carctan+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>De este modo tenemos</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cln+%5Cleft%28+a%2Bbi%5Cright%29+%3D%5Cln+%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%7D%2Bi%5Carctan+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ln &#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =&#92;ln &#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}+i&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;ln &#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =&#92;ln &#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}+i&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Donde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Bbi%5Cneq+0%2B0i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a+bi&#92;neq 0+0i' title='a+bi&#92;neq 0+0i' class='latex' />.</p>
<hr /><strong>LOGARITMO EN CUALQUIER BASE</strong></p>
<p>El mismo cálculo se puede hacer para cualquier base <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=w%5Cneq+0%2B0i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='w&#92;neq 0+0i' title='w&#92;neq 0+0i' class='latex' /> siguiendo el mismo procedimiento dado que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=w%5E%7Ba%2Bbi%7D%3Dw%5E%7Ba%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+b%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+%2Bw%5E%7Ba%7D%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+b%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='w^{a+bi}=w^{a}&#92;cos &#92;left( b&#92;ln w&#92;right) +w^{a}&#92;sin &#92;left( b&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' title='w^{a+bi}=w^{a}&#92;cos &#92;left( b&#92;ln w&#92;right) +w^{a}&#92;sin &#92;left( b&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> (observe que esto es válido dada la extensión que acabamos de hacer para la función logaritmo natural) entonces</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clog+_%7Bw%7D%5Cleft%28+a%2Bbi%5Cright%29+%3Dx%2Byi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;log _{w}&#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =x+yi' title='&#92;log _{w}&#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =x+yi' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Bbi%3Dw%5E%7Bx%2Byi%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a+bi=w^{x+yi}' title='a+bi=w^{x+yi}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Bbi%3Dw%5E%7Bx%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+%2Biw%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a+bi=w^{x}&#92;cos &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) +iw^{x}&#92;sin &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' title='a+bi=w^{x}&#92;cos &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) +iw^{x}&#92;sin &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Ell sistema de ecuaciones asociado es</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%3Dw%5E%7Bx%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a=w^{x}&#92;cos &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' title='a=w^{x}&#92;cos &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b%3Dw%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='b=w^{x}&#92;sin &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' title='b=w^{x}&#92;sin &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para resolver este sistema en términos de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%2Cy&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x,y' title='x,y' class='latex' /> sumamos los cuadrados de ambas ecuaciones de la siguiente forma</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%3Dw%5E%7B2x%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+%2B%5Csin+%5E%7B2%7D%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a^{2}+b^{2}=w^{2x}&#92;left( &#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) +&#92;sin ^{2}&#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='a^{2}+b^{2}=w^{2x}&#92;left( &#92;cos ^{2}&#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) +&#92;sin ^{2}&#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%7D%3Dw%5E%7Bx%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}=w^{x}' title='&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}=w^{x}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%3D%5Clog+_%7Bw%7D%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='x=&#92;log _{w}&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}' title='x=&#92;log _{w}&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Para hallar el valor de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y' title='y' class='latex' /> dividimos la segunda entre la primera como sigue</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bw%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csin+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+%7D%7Bw%5E%7Bx%7D%5Ccos+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;frac{w^{x}&#92;sin &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) }{w^{x}&#92;cos &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) }' title='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;frac{w^{x}&#92;sin &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) }{w^{x}&#92;cos &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) }' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%3D%5Ctan+%5Cleft%28+y%5Cln+w%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;tan &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' title='&#92;frac{b}{a}=&#92;tan &#92;left( y&#92;ln w&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cln+w%7D%5Carctan+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=&#92;frac{1}{&#92;ln w}&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' title='y=&#92;frac{1}{&#92;ln w}&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Finalmente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clog+_%7Bw%7D%5Cleft%28+a%2Bbi%5Cright%29+%3D%5Clog+_%7Bw%7D%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E%7B2%7D%2Bb%5E%7B2%7D%7D%2Bi%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cln+w%7D%5Carctan+%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Ba%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;log _{w}&#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =&#92;log _{w}&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}+i&#92;frac{1}{&#92;ln w}&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' title='&#92;log _{w}&#92;left( a+bi&#92;right) =&#92;log _{w}&#92;sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}+i&#92;frac{1}{&#92;ln w}&#92;arctan &#92;left( &#92;frac{b}{a}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Donde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Bbi%5Cneq+0%2B0i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a+bi&#92;neq 0+0i' title='a+bi&#92;neq 0+0i' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=w%5Cneq+0%2B0i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='w&#92;neq 0+0i' title='w&#92;neq 0+0i' class='latex' />.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #08</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=43&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2009/05/01/logaritmo-de-numeros-complejos/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Regresión Lineal Múltiple</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/11/21/regresion-lineal-multiple/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/11/21/regresion-lineal-multiple/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2008 07:02:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algoritmos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ajustar plano]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ajustar recta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[algoritmo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[aproximar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[aproximar recta a datos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[construccion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[generalizacion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[minimos cuadrados]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[minimos cuadrados lineales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regresion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regresion lineal]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=40</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Se tienen puntos en y se desea ajustar un modelo lineal de la siguiente forma: Donde son los parámetros a determinar. Construimos como la suma de los cuadrados de las discrepancias del modelo y los datos. Para hallar los valores de los parámetros que minimizan calculamos el gradiente: E igualamos a cero: Para la parcial [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=40&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Se tienen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> puntos en <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=R%5E%7Bm%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='R^{m}' title='R^{m}' class='latex' /> y se desea ajustar un modelo lineal de la siguiente forma:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y%3Da%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bj%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='y=a+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{j}' title='y=a+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Donde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb_%7Bj%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a,b_{j}' title='a,b_{j}' class='latex' /> son los parámetros a determinar.</p>
<p>Construimos <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q%3AR%5E%7Bm%2B1%7D%5Crightarrow+R&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Q:R^{m+1}&#92;rightarrow R' title='Q:R^{m+1}&#92;rightarrow R' class='latex' /> como la suma de los cuadrados de las discrepancias del modelo y los datos.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28y_%7Bi%7D-a-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%5Cright%29+%5E%7B2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Q=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) ^{2}' title='Q=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) ^{2}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para hallar los valores de los parámetros que minimizan <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> calculamos el gradiente:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+Q%3D%5Callowbreak+%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial+a%7D%3D2%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28y_%7Bi%7D-a-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29++%5C%5C+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial+b_%7Bk%7D%7D%3D2%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28y_%7Bi%7D-a-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+-x_%7Bki%7D%5Cright%29%2Ck%3D1%2C2%2C...%2Cm%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Callowbreak+%5Cright.+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla Q=&#92;allowbreak &#92;left&#92;{ &#92;begin{array}{c}&#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial a}=2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -1&#92;right)  &#92;&#92; &#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial b_{k}}=2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -x_{ki}&#92;right),k=1,2,...,m&#92;end{array}&#92;allowbreak &#92;right. ' title='&#92;nabla Q=&#92;allowbreak &#92;left&#92;{ &#92;begin{array}{c}&#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial a}=2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -1&#92;right)  &#92;&#92; &#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial b_{k}}=2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -x_{ki}&#92;right),k=1,2,...,m&#92;end{array}&#92;allowbreak &#92;right. ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">E igualamos a cero:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cnabla+Q%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;nabla Q=0' title='&#92;nabla Q=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para la parcial de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> con respecto a la variable <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial+a%7D%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial a}=0' title='&#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial a}=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28y_%7Bi%7D-a-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -1&#92;right)=0' title='2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -1&#92;right)=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28+y_%7Bi%7D-a-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%5Cright%29%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left( y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right)=0' title='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left( y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right)=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Callowbreak%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dy_%7Bi%7D-a%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D1-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;allowbreak&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}-a&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}1-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}=0' title='&#92;allowbreak&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}-a&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}1-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cbar%7By%7D-na-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cleft%28+n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bj%7D%5Cright%29+%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;bar{y}-na-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( n&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;right) =0' title='n&#92;bar{y}-na-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( n&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;right) =0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%3D%5Cbar%7By%7D-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bj%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a=&#92;bar{y}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;bar{x}_{j}' title='a=&#92;bar{y}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;bar{x}_{j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para las parciales de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> con respecto a la variable <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b_%7Bk%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='b_{k}' title='b_{k}' class='latex' /> con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k%3D1%2C2%2C...%2Cm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='k=1,2,...,m' title='k=1,2,...,m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial+b_%7Bk%7D%7D%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial b_{k}}=0' title='&#92;frac{&#92;partial Q}{&#92;partial b_{k}}=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28y_%7Bi%7D-a-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+-x_%7Bki%7D%5Cright%29%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -x_{ki}&#92;right)=0' title='2&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;left(y_{i}-a-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}&#92;right) &#92;left( -x_{ki}&#92;right)=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dy_%7Bi%7Dx_%7Bki%7D-a%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bki%7D-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7Dx_%7Bki%7D%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}-a&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}x_{ki}=0' title='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}-a&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}x_{ki}=0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bki%7D%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7Dx_%7Bji%7Dx_%7Bki%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dy_%7Bi%7Dx_%7Bki%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}x_{ki}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}' title='a&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}x_{ji}x_{ki}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+%5Cbar%7By%7D-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bj%7D%5Cright%29+n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bk%7D%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bji%7Dx_%7Bki%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dy_%7Bi%7Dx_%7Bki%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( &#92;bar{y}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;right) n&#92;bar{x}_{k}+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ji}x_{ki}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}' title='&#92;left( &#92;bar{y}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;right) n&#92;bar{x}_{k}+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ji}x_{ki}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bk%7D%5Cbar%7By%7D-%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cleft%28+n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bj%7D%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bk%7D%5Cright%29%2B%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cleft%28%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bji%7Dx_%7Bki%7D%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dy_%7Bi%7Dx_%7Bki%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;bar{y}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( n&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;right)+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left(&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ji}x_{ki}&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}' title='n&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;bar{y}-&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( n&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;right)+&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left(&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ji}x_{ki}&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}x_{ki}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bki%7Dx_%7Bji%7D-n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bk%7D%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bj%7D%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bki%7Dy_%7Bi%7D-n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bk%7D%5Cbar%7By%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}x_{ji}-n&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}y_{i}-n&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;bar{y}' title='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( &#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}x_{ji}-n&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;bar{x}_{j}&#92;right) =&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{ki}y_{i}-n&#92;bar{x}_{k}&#92;bar{y}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Definiendo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_%7Bpq%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bpi%7Dx_%7Bqi%7D-n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bp%7D%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bq%7D%2C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='S_{pq}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{pi}x_{qi}-n&#92;bar{x}_{p}&#92;bar{x}_{q},' title='S_{pq}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{pi}x_{qi}-n&#92;bar{x}_{p}&#92;bar{x}_{q},' class='latex' /> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_%7Bpy%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dx_%7Bpi%7Dy_%7Bi%7D-n%5Cbar%7Bx%7D_%7Bp%7D%5Cbar%7By%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='S_{py}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{pi}y_{i}-n&#92;bar{x}_{p}&#92;bar{y}' title='S_{py}=&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=1}^{n}x_{pi}y_{i}-n&#92;bar{x}_{p}&#92;bar{y}' class='latex' /> con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%2Cq&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='p,q' title='p,q' class='latex' /> enteros obtenemos</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5E%7Bm%7Db_%7Bj%7D%5Cleft%28+S_%7Bkj%7D%5Cright%29+%3DS_%7Bky%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( S_{kj}&#92;right) =S_{ky}' title='&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=1}^{m}b_{j}&#92;left( S_{kj}&#92;right) =S_{ky}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Así, expresamos en forma matricial</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A%3D%5Cleft%28+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bcccc%7DS_%7B11%7D+%26+S_%7B12%7D+%26+%5Ccdots++%26+S_%7B1m%7D+%5C%5C+S_%7B21%7D+%26+S_%7B22%7D+%26+%5Ccdots++%26+S_%7B2m%7D+%5C%5C+%5Cvdots++%26+%5Cvdots++%26+%5Cddots++%26+%5Cvdots++%5C%5C+S_%7Bm1%7D+%26+S_%7Bm2%7D+%26+%5Ccdots++%26+S_%7Bmm%7D%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%29+%2CB%3D%5Cleft%28+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7Db_%7B1%7D+%5C%5C+b_%7B2%7D+%5C%5C+%5Cvdots++%5C%5C+b_%7Bm%7D%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%29+%2CY%3D%5Cleft%28+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7DS_%7B1y%7D+%5C%5C+S_%7B2y%7D+%5C%5C+%5Cvdots++%5C%5C+S_%7Bmy%7D%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='A=&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{cccc}S_{11} &amp; S_{12} &amp; &#92;cdots  &amp; S_{1m} &#92;&#92; S_{21} &amp; S_{22} &amp; &#92;cdots  &amp; S_{2m} &#92;&#92; &#92;vdots  &amp; &#92;vdots  &amp; &#92;ddots  &amp; &#92;vdots  &#92;&#92; S_{m1} &amp; S_{m2} &amp; &#92;cdots  &amp; S_{mm}&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ,B=&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{c}b_{1} &#92;&#92; b_{2} &#92;&#92; &#92;vdots  &#92;&#92; b_{m}&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ,Y=&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{c}S_{1y} &#92;&#92; S_{2y} &#92;&#92; &#92;vdots  &#92;&#92; S_{my}&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ' title='A=&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{cccc}S_{11} &amp; S_{12} &amp; &#92;cdots  &amp; S_{1m} &#92;&#92; S_{21} &amp; S_{22} &amp; &#92;cdots  &amp; S_{2m} &#92;&#92; &#92;vdots  &amp; &#92;vdots  &amp; &#92;ddots  &amp; &#92;vdots  &#92;&#92; S_{m1} &amp; S_{m2} &amp; &#92;cdots  &amp; S_{mm}&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ,B=&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{c}b_{1} &#92;&#92; b_{2} &#92;&#92; &#92;vdots  &#92;&#92; b_{m}&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ,Y=&#92;left( &#92;begin{array}{c}S_{1y} &#92;&#92; S_{2y} &#92;&#92; &#92;vdots  &#92;&#92; S_{my}&#92;end{array}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=AB%3DY&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='AB=Y' title='AB=Y' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=B%3DA%5E%7B-1%7DY&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='B=A^{-1}Y' title='B=A^{-1}Y' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">De este modo el modelo ajusta a los datos.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #07</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=40&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/11/21/regresion-lineal-multiple/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Integrales Logarítmicas</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/10/27/integrales-logaritmicas/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/10/27/integrales-logaritmicas/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2008 18:35:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cálculo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demostracion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demostracion por induccion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion logaritmo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integracion por partes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integrales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integrales exactas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integrales logaritmicas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logaritmo natural]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=31</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Para entero, se tiene Donde . La demostración se hace por inducción. DEMOSTRACIÓN Para . Muy simple, pero también se cumple. Para . Suponemos para . Probamos para . Integrando por partes. Sustituyendo Sacando el primer termino de la primera sumatoria y renombrando índices para sumar adecuadamente Acomodando Simplificando Renombrando índice, 2 posiciones para incluir [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=31&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cgeq+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;geq 0' title='n&#92;geq 0' class='latex' /> entero, se tiene</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bn%7Ddx%3Dx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7Bn%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+n-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bn-i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{n}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{n}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{n!}{&#92;left( n-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{n-i}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{n}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{n}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{n!}{&#92;left( n-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{n-i}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Donde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0%21%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='0!=1' title='0!=1' class='latex' />. La demostración se hace por inducción.</p>
<hr /><strong>DEMOSTRACIÓN</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=0' title='n=0' class='latex' />. Muy simple, pero también se cumple.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7B0%7Ddx%3Dx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B0%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7B0%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+0-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7B0-i%7D%3Dx%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%3Dx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{0}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{0}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{0!}{&#92;left( 0-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{0-i}=x&#92;left( 1&#92;right) =x' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{0}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{0}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{0!}{&#92;left( 0-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{0-i}=x&#92;left( 1&#92;right) =x' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=1' title='n=1' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+1-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7B1-i%7D%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x-1%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{1}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{1!}{&#92;left( 1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{1-i}=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{1}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{1!}{&#92;left( 1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{1-i}=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Suponemos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cleq+k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;leq k' title='n&#92;leq k' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7Ddx%3Dx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7Bk%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-i}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-i}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Probamos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3Dk%2B1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=k+1' title='n=k+1' class='latex' />. Integrando por partes.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3D%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cln+xdx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}&#92;ln xdx' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}&#92;ln xdx' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x-1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D-k%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D-%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1%7D%5Cright%29+dx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-k&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1}&#92;right) dx' title='=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-k&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1}&#92;right) dx' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x-1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D-k%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7Ddx%2Bk%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1%7Ddx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-k&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}dx+k&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1}dx' title='=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-k&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}dx+k&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1}dx' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sustituyendo</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x-1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D-kx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7Bk%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-kx&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-i}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-kx&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-i}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2Bkx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1-i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+kx&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-i}' title='+kx&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-i}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sacando el primer termino de la primera sumatoria y renombrando índices para sumar adecuadamente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x-1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D-kx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-kx&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-kx&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=-kx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bj-1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bk%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1-j%7D-%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bj%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1-j%7D%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='-kx&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( &#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j-1}&#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}-&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}&#92;right) ' title='-kx&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( &#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j-1}&#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}-&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Acomodando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x-1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D-kx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-kx&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x-1&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}-kx&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=-x%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bj-1%7Dk%5Cleft%28+%5Cfrac%7Bk%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1-j%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='-x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j-1}k&#92;left( &#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( k-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}' title='-x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j-1}k&#92;left( &#92;frac{k!}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}+&#92;frac{&#92;left( k-1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;right) &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Simplificando</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D-%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}-&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}-&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2Bx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bj-2%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k-1-j%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk-1-j%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j-2}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}' title='+x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{j=0}^{k-1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{j-2}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k-1-j&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k-1-j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Renombrando índice, 2 posiciones para incluir los dos terminos aislados</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D-%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+x%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}-&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}-&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) x&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k}' class='latex' /><br />
<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%2Bx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D2%7D%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1-i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='+x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{k+1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k+1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1-i}' title='+x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=2}^{k+1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k+1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1-i}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Introduciendo en la sumatoria con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='i=0' title='i=0' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='i=1' title='i=1' class='latex' /> respectivamente</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Ddx%3Dx%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Cleft%28+-1%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bi%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%21%7D%7B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1-i%5Cright%29+%21%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Cln+x%5Cright%29+%5E%7Bk%2B1-i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k+1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k+1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1-i}' title='&#92;int &#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1}dx=x&#92;sum&#92;limits_{i=0}^{k+1}&#92;left( -1&#92;right) ^{i}&#92;frac{&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) !}{&#92;left( k+1-i&#92;right) !}&#92;left( &#92;ln x&#92;right) ^{k+1-i}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Demostrado <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cforall+n%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;forall n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' title='&#92;forall n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' class='latex' />.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #06</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/31/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=31&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/10/27/integrales-logaritmicas/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Integrales Trigonométricas</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/10/14/integrales-trigonometricas/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/10/14/integrales-trigonometricas/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2008 16:25:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cálculo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Demostración]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Matemáticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion coseno]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[funcion seno]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integracion por partes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integrales]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=29</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Las integrales exactas para las formas trigonométricas y con son Donde para ambas funciones. DEMOSTRACIÓN La demostración se hará por inducción. Para se cumple de la siguiente forma Suponemos para Y demostramos para usando integración por partes Sustituyendo las integrales y Ahora simplemente metemos el primer termino a la sumatoria usando . Reescribiendo Demostrado . [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=29&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Las integrales exactas para las formas trigonométricas <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bn%7D%5Csin+xdx%5C+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{n}&#92;sin xdx&#92; ' title='&#92;int x^{n}&#92;sin xdx&#92; ' class='latex' />y<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C+%5Cint+x%5E%7Bn%7D%5Ccos+xdx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92; &#92;int x^{n}&#92;cos xdx' title='&#92; &#92;int x^{n}&#92;cos xdx' class='latex' /> con <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D%5Ccup+%5Cleft%5C%7B+0%5Cright%5C%7D+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}&#92;cup &#92;left&#92;{ 0&#92;right&#92;} ' title='n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}&#92;cup &#92;left&#92;{ 0&#92;right&#92;} ' class='latex' /> son</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bn%7D%5Csin+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{n}&#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{n}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{n}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{n}&#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{n}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{n}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bn%7D%5Ccos+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{n}&#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{n}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{n}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{n}&#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{n}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{n}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Donde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7B0%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7B0%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+f%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+%3Df%5Cleft%28+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}&#92;left( f&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}&#92;left( f&#92;left( x&#92;right) &#92;right) =f&#92;left( x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> para ambas funciones.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>DEMOSTRACIÓN</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La demostración se hará por inducción.</p>
<p>Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=0' title='n=0' class='latex' /> se cumple de la siguiente forma</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Csin+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7B0%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%5Cright%29+%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7B0%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7B0%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdx%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%5Cright%29+%3D-%5Ccos+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{0}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{0}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) =-&#92;frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;frac{d}{dx}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) =-&#92;cos x' title='&#92;int &#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{0}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{0}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) =-&#92;frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;frac{d}{dx}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) =-&#92;cos x' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+%5Ccos+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7B0%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7B0%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x%5Cright%29+%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7B0%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7B0%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+1%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdx%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x%5Cright%29+%3D%5Csin+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int &#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{0}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{0}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) =-&#92;frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;frac{d}{dx}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) =&#92;sin x' title='&#92;int &#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{0}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{0}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) =-&#92;frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}&#92;left( 1&#92;right) &#92;frac{d}{dx}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) =&#92;sin x' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Suponemos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3Dk&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=k' title='n=k' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Csin+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Ccos+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Y demostramos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3Dk%2B1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=k+1' title='n=k+1' class='latex' /> usando integración por partes</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Csin+xdx%3D-x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Ccos+x%2B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Ccos+xdx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;sin xdx=-x^{k+1}&#92;cos x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;int x^{k}&#92;cos xdx' title='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;sin xdx=-x^{k+1}&#92;cos x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;int x^{k}&#92;cos xdx' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Ccos+xdx%3Dx%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Csin+x%2B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Csin+xdx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;cos xdx=x^{k+1}&#92;sin x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;int x^{k}&#92;sin xdx' title='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;cos xdx=x^{k+1}&#92;sin x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;int x^{k}&#92;sin xdx' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sustituyendo las integrales <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Csin+xdx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;sin xdx' title='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;sin xdx' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Ccos+xdx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;cos xdx' title='&#92;int x^{k}&#92;cos xdx' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Csin+xdx%3D-x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Ccos+x%2B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;sin xdx=-x^{k+1}&#92;cos x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;left( -&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;sin xdx=-x^{k+1}&#92;cos x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;left( -&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Ccos+xdx%3Dx%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Csin+x%2B%5Cleft%28+k%2B1%5Cright%29+%5Cleft%28+-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bk%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%5Cright%29+%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;cos xdx=x^{k+1}&#92;sin x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;left( -&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;cos xdx=x^{k+1}&#92;sin x+&#92;left( k+1&#92;right) &#92;left( -&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) &#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ahora simplemente metemos el primer termino a la sumatoria usando <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i%3Dk%2B1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='i=k+1' title='i=k+1' class='latex' />. Reescribiendo</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Csin+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Csin+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k+1}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k+1}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;sin xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k+1}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k+1}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;sin x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cint+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Ccos+xdx%3D-%5Csum_%7Bi%3D0%7D%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+x%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%7Bdx%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%5Ccos+x%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k+1}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k+1}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) ' title='&#92;int x^{k+1}&#92;cos xdx=-&#92;sum_{i=0}^{k+1}&#92;frac{d^{i}}{dx^{i}}&#92;left( x^{k+1}&#92;right) &#92;frac{d^{i+1}}{dx^{i+1}}&#92;left( &#92;cos x&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Demostrado <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cforall+n%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D+%5Ccup+%5Cleft%5C%7B+0%5Cright%5C%7D+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;forall n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N} &#92;cup &#92;left&#92;{ 0&#92;right&#92;} ' title='&#92;forall n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N} &#92;cup &#92;left&#92;{ 0&#92;right&#92;} ' class='latex' />.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #05</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/29/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=29&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/10/14/integrales-trigonometricas/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Método de Congruencias Lineales Modulares</title>
		<link>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/metodo-de-congruencias-lineales-modulares/</link>
		<comments>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/metodo-de-congruencias-lineales-modulares/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 12:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mycomplexsoul</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Simulación]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[formula del metodo de congruencias]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[generador de numeros aleatorios]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[generador de numeros pseudoaleatorios]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mclm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[metodo de congruencias lineales modulares]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/?p=24</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Donde son enteros positivos conocidos, y es la &#8220;semilla&#8221; del método. Ésta sucesión así definida, genera un conjunto de números pseudo-aleatorios que tiene periodo completo si se cumplen: 1) El mcd de es igual a 1. (mcd=Máximo Común Divisor) 2) Si es un primo tal que entonces 3) Si entonces EJEMPLO Si entonces y la [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=24&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bn%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+az_%7Bn-1%7D%2Bc%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{n}=&#92;left( az_{n-1}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{n}=&#92;left( az_{n-1}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Donde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cc%2Cm%2Cz_%7B0%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='a,c,m,z_{0}' title='a,c,m,z_{0}' class='latex' /> son enteros positivos conocidos, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' title='n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' class='latex' /> y <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7B0%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{0}' title='z_{0}' class='latex' /> es la &#8220;semilla&#8221; del método.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ésta sucesión así definida, genera un conjunto de números pseudo-aleatorios que tiene periodo completo si se cumplen:</p>
<blockquote><p>1) El mcd de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cleft%28+m%2Ca%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;left( m,a&#92;right) ' title='&#92;left( m,a&#92;right) ' class='latex' /> es igual a 1. (mcd=Máximo Común<br />
Divisor)</p>
<p>2) Si <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> es un primo tal que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Cbackslash+m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='p&#92;backslash m' title='p&#92;backslash m' class='latex' /> entonces</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Cbackslash+%5Cleft%28a-1%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='p&#92;backslash &#92;left(a-1&#92;right) ' title='p&#92;backslash &#92;left(a-1&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>3) Si <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=4%5Cbackslash+m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='4&#92;backslash m' title='4&#92;backslash m' class='latex' /> entonces <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=4%5Cbackslash+%5Cleft%28+a-1%5Cright%29+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='4&#92;backslash &#92;left( a-1&#92;right) ' title='4&#92;backslash &#92;left( a-1&#92;right) ' class='latex' /></p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>EJEMPLO</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Si <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7B0%7D%3D8%2Ca%3D3%2Cc%3D5%2Cm%3D19&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{0}=8,a=3,c=5,m=19' title='z_{0}=8,a=3,c=5,m=19' class='latex' /> entonces <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7B1%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+3%5Cast+8%2B5%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7D19%3D10&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{1}=&#92;left( 3&#92;ast 8+5&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}19=10' title='z_{1}=&#92;left( 3&#92;ast 8+5&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}19=10' class='latex' /> y la sucesión generada es:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bi%7D%3D%5Cleft%5C%7B+10%2C16%2C15%2C17%2C18%2C2%2C11%2C0%2C5%2C1%2C8%2C...%5Cright%5C%7D+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{i}=&#92;left&#92;{ 10,16,15,17,18,2,11,0,5,1,8,...&#92;right&#92;} ' title='z_{i}=&#92;left&#92;{ 10,16,15,17,18,2,11,0,5,1,8,...&#92;right&#92;} ' class='latex' /></p>
<hr /><strong>SIN RECURSIVIDAD</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Se probará por inducción sobre <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> que al resolver la recursividad<br />
nos queda</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bn%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bn%7Dz_%7B0%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bc%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bn%7D-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7Ba-1%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{n}=&#92;left( a^{n}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{n}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{n}=&#92;left( a^{n}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{n}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=0' title='n=0' class='latex' /> es obvio que <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7B0%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+z_%7B0%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{0}=&#92;left( z_{0}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{0}=&#92;left( z_{0}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' />, al igual que para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=1' title='n=1' class='latex' /> queda <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bn%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+az_%7B0%7D%2Bc%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{n}=&#92;left( az_{0}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{n}=&#92;left( az_{0}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Suponemos para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3Dk&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=k' title='n=k' class='latex' /> que</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bk%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%7Dz_%7B0%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bc%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%7D-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7Ba-1%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{k}=&#92;left( a^{k}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{k}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{k}=&#92;left( a^{k}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{k}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Y ahora para <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3Dk%2B1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='n=k+1' title='n=k+1' class='latex' /> tenemos por definición</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bk%2B1%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+az_%7Bk%7D%2Bc%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( az_{k}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( az_{k}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sustituyendo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bk%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{k}' title='z_{k}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bk%2B1%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Dz_%7B0%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bac%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%7D-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7Ba-1%7D%2Bc%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( a^{k+1}z_{0}+&#92;frac{ac&#92;left( a^{k}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( a^{k+1}z_{0}+&#92;frac{ac&#92;left( a^{k}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}+c&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bk%2B1%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Dz_%7B0%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bc%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D-a%5Cright%29+%2Bc%5Cleft%28a-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7Ba-1%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( a^{k+1}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{k+1}-a&#92;right) +c&#92;left(a-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( a^{k+1}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{k+1}-a&#92;right) +c&#92;left(a-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z_%7Bk%2B1%7D%3D%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%2B1%7Dz_%7B0%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bc%5Cleft%28+a%5E%7Bk%2B1%7D-1%5Cright%29+%7D%7Ba-1%7D%5Cright%29+%5Cmbox%7Bmod%7Dm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( a^{k+1}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{k+1}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' title='z_{k+1}=&#92;left( a^{k+1}z_{0}+&#92;frac{c&#92;left( a^{k+1}-1&#92;right) }{a-1}&#92;right) &#92;mbox{mod}m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Demostrado <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cforall+n%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D%5Ccup+%5Cleft%5C%7B+0%5Cright%5C%7D+&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=000000&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;forall n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}&#92;cup &#92;left&#92;{ 0&#92;right&#92;} ' title='&#92;forall n&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}&#92;cup &#92;left&#92;{ 0&#92;right&#92;} ' class='latex' />.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;"><em><a href="http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/">Post #04</a></em> &#8211; <strong><em><a href="mailto:mycomplexsoul@live.com.mx">mycomplexsoul</a></em></strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/24/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3991852&amp;post=24&amp;subd=mycomplexsoul&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://mycomplexsoul.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/metodo-de-congruencias-lineales-modulares/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/84fdbe1cf1321ec48931889b5dcb5b0d?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">mycomplexsoul</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
