potencia entera

La expresión general $2^{n}\cos ^{n}\left( x\right)$ que es una potencia de la función trigonométrica coseno, es reducible a una suma de cosenos lineales de acuerdo a la siguiente fórmula.

Proposición:

$2^{n}\cos ^{n}\left( x\right) =\left\{ \begin{array}{cc} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{\left\lceil \frac{n-1}{2}\right\rceil }\binom{n}{i}2\cos\left( \left( n-2i\right) x\right) & n\text{ impar} \\ \sum\limits_{i=0}^{\left\lceil \frac{n-1}{2}\right\rceil -1}\binom{n}{i} 2\cos \left( \left( n-2i\right) x\right) +2\binom{n-1}{\left\lceil \frac{n-1}{2}\right\rceil -1} & n\text{ par} \end{array} \right.$

La demostración se hará por inducción para $n$ par e impar, demostrando pares e impares por separado.

DEMOSTRACIÓN

Con $n$ impar

Para $n=1$ tenemos:

$2^{1}\cos ^{1}\left( x\right) =\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\left\lceil \frac{1-1}{2}\right\rceil }\binom{1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 1-2i\right) x\right) =2\cos \left( x\right)$

Suponemos para $n=2p-1$

$2^{2p-1}\cos ^{2p-1}\left( x\right) =\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right)$

Para demostrar el siguiente impar multiplicamos por $2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right)$

$\left( 2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) \right) \left( 2^{2p-1}\cos ^{2p-1}\left( x\right) \right) =\left( 2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) \right) \sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right)$

Introduciendo a la sumatoria y viendo que $2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) =2\left( \cos 2x+1\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\left( \cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right) \left( 2\left( \cos 2x+1\right) \right) \right)$

Multiplicando

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\left( 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right) \left( \cos 2x\right) +2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right) \right)$

Utilizando la identidad trigonométrica $2\cos x\cos y=\cos \left( x+y\right) +\cos \left( x-y\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\left( \cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i+2\right) x\right) +\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i-2\right) x\right) +2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right) \right)$

Separando sumatorias

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i+2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\cos \left( \left(2p-1-2i-2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2^{2}\cos\left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right)$

Para poder sumar correctamente vamos a separar los dos primeros terminos de la primera sumatoria, los dos últimos terminos de la segunda sumatoria, el primero y el último termino de la tercera sumatoria. De este modo:

$=\sum\limits_{i=2}^{p-1}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i+2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p-1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i-2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=1}^{p-2}\binom{2p-1}{i}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 2p-1-2i\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p-1}{1}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p-1}{p-2}2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p-1}{p-1}2\cos \left( \left( -1\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p-1}{p-1}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Ahora simplemente renombramos y en los terminos separados sumamos recordando que $\cos x=\cos \left( -x\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p-1}{j+2}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p-1}{j}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p-1}{j+1}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\left( \binom{2p-1}{1}+2\binom{2p-1}{0}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\left( \binom{2p-1}{p-2}+\binom{2p-1}{p-1}+2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Factorizando

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\left( \binom{2p-1}{j+2}+\binom{2p-1}{j}+2\binom{2p-1}{j+1}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\left( 2p-1+2\left( 1\right) \right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\left( \frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{\left( p-2\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}+3\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !p!}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Reexpresando convenientemente

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\left( \frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{\left( j+2\right) !\left( 2p-3-j\right) !}+\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{j!\left( 2p-1-j\right) !}+2\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{\left( j+1\right) !\left( 2p-2-j\right) !}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+1\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\left( 2p-1\right) !\left( \frac{1}{\left( p-2\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}+3\frac{1}{\left( p-1\right) !p!}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{j!\left( 2p-1-j\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( 2p-1-j\right) \left( 2p-2-j\right) }{\left( j+2\right) \left( j+1\right) }+1+2\frac{\left( 2p-1-j\right) }{\left( j+1\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+1\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{p!\left( p-1\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( p-1\right) }{\left( p+1\right) }+3\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Sumando

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{j!\left( 2p-1-j\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( 2p\right) \left( 2p+1\right) }{\left( j+2\right) \left( j+1\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+1\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{p!\left( p-1\right) !}\left( \frac{2\left( 2p+1\right) }{\left( p+1\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Reexpresando

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\left( \frac{\left( 2p+1\right) !}{\left( j+2\right) !\left( 2p-1-j\right) !}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p-1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+1\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\frac{\left( 2p+1\right) !}{\left( p+1\right) !\left( p-1\right) !}\left( \frac{2}{\left( 2p\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Reexpresando convenientemente

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p+1}{j+2}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-3-2j\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+1}{1}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+1}{p}2\cos \left( \left( 1\right) x\right)$

Reescribiendo el índice de la sumatoria

$=\sum\limits_{i=2}^{p-1}\binom{2p+1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1-2i\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+1}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+1}{1}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1-2\left( 1\right) \right) x\right) +\binom{2p+1}{p}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1-2\left( p\right) \right) x\right)$

Incorporando los terminos separados

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p}\binom{2p+1}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+1-2i\right) x\right)$

$=2^{2p+1}\cos ^{2p+1}\left( x\right)$

Demostrado para $n$ impar.

Con $n$ par

Para $n=2$ tenemos:

$2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) =\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\left\lceil \frac{2-1}{2}\right\rceil -1}\binom{2}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2-2i\right) x\right) +2\binom{2-1}{\left\lceil \frac{2-1}{2}\right\rceil -1}=2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2$

Suponemos para $n=2p$

$2^{2p}\cos ^{2p}\left( x\right) =\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) +2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}$

Para demostrar el siguiente par multiplicamos por $2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right)$

$\left( 2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) \right) \left( 2^{2p}\cos ^{2p}\left( x\right) \right) =\left( 2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) \right) \left( \sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) +2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\right)$

Introduciendo a la sumatoria y viendo que $2^{2}\cos ^{2}\left( x\right) =2\left( \cos 2x+1\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\left( \cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) \left( 2\left( \cos 2x+1\right) \right) \right) +2 \binom{2p-1}{p-1}\left( 2\cos 2x+2\right)$

Multiplicando

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\left( 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) \left( \cos 2x\right) +2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) \right) +2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\left( 2\cos 2x+2\right)$

Utilizando la identidad trigonométrica $2\cos x\cos y=\cos \left( x+y\right) +\cos \left( x-y\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\left( \cos \left( \left( 2p-2i+2\right) x\right) +\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i-2\right) x\right) +2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) \right) +2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\left( 2\cos 2x+2\right)$

Separando sumatorias

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i+2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i-2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right) +2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\left( 2\cos 2x+2\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{i=2}^{p-1}\binom{2p}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i+2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i-2\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{i=1}^{p-2}\binom{2p}{i}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 2p-2i\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\binom{2p}{1}2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\binom{2p}{p-2}2\cos \left( 2x\right) +\binom{2p}{p-1}2\cos \left( 0x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2^{2}\cos \left( 2px\right) +\binom{2p}{p-1}2^{2}\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\left( 2\cos 2x+2\right)$

Ahora simplemente renombramos y en los terminos separados sumamos recordando que $\cos 0x=1$

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p}{j+2}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p}{j}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right) +\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p}{j+1}2^{2}\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\left( \binom{2p}{1}+2\binom{2p}{0}\right) 2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\left( \binom{2p}{p-2}+2\binom{2p}{p-1}+2\binom{2p-1}{p-1}\right) 2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\binom{2p}{p-1}+2^{2}\binom{2p-1}{p-1}$

Factorizando

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\left( \binom{2p}{j+2}+\binom{2p}{j}+2\binom{2p}{j+1}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+2\left( 1\right) \right) 2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\left( \frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-2\right) !\left( p+2\right) !}+2\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}+2\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !p!}\right) 2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\left( \frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}+2\frac{\left( 2p-1\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !p!}\right)$

Reexpresando convenientemente

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\left( \frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( j+2\right) !\left( 2p-2-j\right) !}+\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{j!\left( 2p-j\right) !}+2\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( j+1\right) !\left( 2p-1-j\right) !}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+2\right) 2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( p-1\right) }{\left( p+2\right) }+2+2\frac{\left( p+1\right) }{\left( 2p\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}\left( 1+2\frac{\left( p+1\right) }{\left( 2p\right) }\right)$

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{j!\left( 2p-j\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( 2p-j\right) \left( 2p-1-j\right) }{\left( j+2\right) \left( j+1\right) }+1+2\frac{\left( 2p-j\right) }{\left( j+1\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+2\right) 2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( 2p+1\right) \left( 2p+2\right) }{p\left( p+2\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{\left( p-1\right) !\left( p+1\right) !}\left( \frac{2p+1}{p}\right)$

Sumando

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\frac{\left( 2p\right) !}{j!\left( 2p-j\right) !}\left( \frac{\left( 2p+1\right) \left( 2p+2\right) }{\left( j+2\right) \left( j+1\right) }\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\left( 2p+2\right) 2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\left( \frac{\left( 2p+2\right) !}{p!\left( p+2\right) !}\right) 2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\left( \frac{\left( 2p+1\right) !}{p!\left( p+1\right) !}\right)$

Reexpresando

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\left( \frac{\left( 2p+2\right) !}{\left( j+2\right) !\left( 2p-j\right) !}\right) 2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right)$

Reexpresando convenientemente

$=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{p-3}\binom{2p+2}{j+2}2\cos \left( \left( 2p-2-2j\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+2}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+2}{1}2\cos \left( 2px\right) +\binom{2p+2}{p}2\cos \left( 2x\right) +2\binom{2p+1}{p}$

Reescribiendo el índice de la sumatoria

$=\sum\limits_{i=2}^{p-1}\binom{2p+2}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2-2i\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+2}{0}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2\right) x\right) +\binom{2p+2}{1}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2-2\left( 1\right) \right) x\right)$

$+\binom{2p+2}{p}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2-2\left( p\right) \right) x\right) +2\binom{2p+1}{\left( p+1\right) -1}$

Incorporando los terminos separados

$=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{p}\binom{2p+2}{i}2\cos \left( \left( 2p+2-2i\right) x\right) +2\binom{2p+1}{\left\lceil \frac{2p+1}{2}\right\rceil -1}$

$=2^{2p+2}\cos ^{2p+2}\left( x\right)$

Demostrado para $n$ par.

Post #11 – mycomplexsoul

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